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For more than two decades, I have carried a variety of weapons ranging from revolvers to suppressed HKs, regularly shooting more than 30,000 rounds a year. (Our rich Uncle Sam has a lot of ammo). As a result, my colleagues and I spent a lot of time handling a variety of firearms. I witnessed more than one negligent discharge by these experienced professionals and have given a lot of thought about how to reduce this possibility. Too many shooters and bystanders are inadvertently injured or killed by poor safety practices.

Long experience has shown very few people know how to safely pull the slide back on a semiautomatic pistol and on those pistols without a decocking lever, almost no one knows how to safely lower a cocked hammer. Do you carry a 1911 series ‘cocked and locked’?  Have your ever verified the integrity of your pistol’s mechanical safeties? Do you even know how many safeties are on your pistol?

Before shooting any firearm in training, you should perform functional safety checks. Because the Browning designed short recoil Colt M1911A1 .45 ACP pistol (and its many variants) is commonly owned and has multiple safeties, I’ll use it as an example. The difficulty in safely lowering an external hammer is often used as an excuse to avoid weapons with such. With a little practice, external hammers can be lowered safely and with ease.

Many of the following safety checks and techniques are applicable to any firearm. A right handed shooter is presumed but these techniques are easily reversed for the left handed.

1. Remove the magazine and eject the round from the chamber (1911s should be carried with a round in the chamber, hammer cocked, and slide safety engaged). Because the slide safety also locks the slide, this condition is often called cocked and locked. Lock the slide open. Make certain the ejected round didn’t slip back into the chamber. Look into the chamber and verify that it is indeed empty. Put the ejected round and magazine into your left hand pocket out of the way. Now how did you eject the round? The human body is biomechanically very efficient in an opposing action with the arms. As a result, most people rack the slide by holding the pistol in the right hand, grasping the rear of the slide with the other hand in a manner such that the thumbs are pointing in opposite directions on the same side of the weapon. This is an extremely bad habit for several reasons. When holding it thusly, the muzzle points to the left and perhaps behind the shooter. The slide and barrel are concealed beneath the left hand and arm making it hard to see exactly where the muzzle is pointing. On the firing line, it often points toward the shooter on your left. Now where did that muzzle just point? Did you point it at a team member, a bystander, your spouse or child? Remember and practice the rule ‘Never point a firearm at anything you do not wish to shoot.’ Well, you probably just did. The muzzle tracks an even bigger wobbly arc with weak shooters (who are even more prone to use this method). Another reason this is a bad habit is that the muzzle points along or into the left lower forearm. An negligent discharge into the arm at this angle would be worse than awful. If you are one of the many who clear your pistol like this, don’t expect to shoot with me.

2. With the magazine removed and safely in your pocket along with the ejected round, release the slide and let it go forward into battery on an empty chamber (you did let it snap closed, didn’t you?). If you cleared the pistol earlier using the method just described, try it this way. Hold the pistol in your right hand and point it forward and down at a 45 degree angle. You can easily see where the muzzle is pointing, right? With the left hand, reach over the slide (your thumbs should now both be pointing in the same direction – forward, but on opposite sides of the weapon), and with thumb and forefinger grasp the slide near the muzzle. Pull the slide back and lock it open. Some slides have friction ridges near the muzzle, now you know why. Notice at no time did you handle the pistol in an uncontrolled manner nor did the muzzle track a wide arc. Oh yes, this is much harder because it is biomechanically weaker and the action unpracticed. If you see the wisdom in what was just described, you will probably have one of those bad habits to overcome.

3. With the slide locked open, once again look into the breech and verify the chamber is empty. Peer down into the empty magazine well and check for lint or other debris. Have a close look at the condition of the breech face, extractor, and ejector. Now turn the muzzle toward your head and look down the barrel in order to check for obstructions, dirt, and lint. Is there excessively oil anywhere? Any debris? If so, these conditions must be remedied before firing (fix this right away before continuing). If the pistol is carried/transported in an open muzzle end holster or loosely in a purse or bag, this check is even more essential. Paper clips, gum, dirt, and all sort of other debris find their way into barrels. Catastrophic failure and most likely injury will result from shooting any firearm with an obstructed barrel.

4. Pointing the pistol in a safe direction, ease the slide back until the slide lock clicks off, then release the slide and let it slam closed on the empty chamber. If you routinely ease the slide closed, this is another bad habit that may carry through when charging the pistol with a live round. Easing the slide forward will guarantee a jam when charging many firearms from the magazine. Manually loading a round into the chamber and dropping the slide closed on it is another bad practice. I am convinced this puts undue stress on the extractor.

5. With the slide now closed on an empty chamber, point the firearm in a safe direction and squeeze the trigger. The hammer will fall and its face should be against the rear of the slide. A blow to the hammer in this condition with a loaded chamber could result in a discharge. With your trigger finger off of the trigger and along side the frame, Place the side of your free hand thumb on the top of the hammer and top rear edge of the slide. Roll and wedge your thumb between the hammer and rear of the slide to ease the hammer back slightly to the first click (but not to the fully cocked position). Apply a little forward force on the back of the hammer trying to move it toward the muzzle. It should not move. This is the half cock safety. With the hammer at half cock, a blow such as dropping the weapon on the hammer theoretically should not result in a discharge. I have never trusted the half cock position.

6. Point the empty pistol in a safe direction and rack the slide cocking the hammer. Did you remember to hold the slide at the muzzle between your thumb and forefinger? Engage the slide safety. Most 1911s also have a grip safety.  Hold the pistol in a shooting manner with the grip safety engaged and squeeze the trigger. The hammer should not fall. Now you know the slide safety works independent of the grip safety.

7. Point the empty pistol in a safe direction and disengage the slide safety. It is a little awkward but without engaging the grip safety, squeeze the trigger. The hammer should not fall. Now you know the grip safety works independent of the slide safety.

8. Point the empty pistol in a safe direction and with the hammer cocked, use the muzzle grip technique to ease the slide back out of battery about 1/4 inch. Hold it in this position. With the slide safety and grip safety disengaged, pull the trigger. Again the hammer should not fall. Now you know the slide disconnect safety works. The purpose of this safety is to prevent a partially chambered round from being fired.

9. Thusfar, the hammer has been lowered by pulling the trigger. I shall now describe how to safely lower the hammer on a firearm not equipped with a decocker lever. Many people both cock and lower the hammer with their thumb pad (thumbnail facing rearward). Remember earlier I had you cock the pistol using the slide, not your thumb? There was a reason for this. Thumb pad cocking and decocking works most of the time but should your thumb slip off the hammer with a loaded chamber, a discharge will occur. Point the empty cocked pistol in a safe direction. Hold the pistol in a shooting manner with slide and grip safeties disengaged. Place your free hand thumb perpendicular to the grip with the bottom of its joint facing toward the rear of the slide. Slip it in this manner between the rear of the slide and hammer. Force the hammer back slightly with the back of the thumb. Pull the trigger. The hammer is blocked from falling. Roll your thumb up counterclockwise just slightly to ease the hammer forward a little bit clearing the sear catch position. Release the trigger and continue to roll and pull your thumb up, easing the hammer down. By releasing the trigger before completely lowering the hammer, the half cock safety is engaged providing another measure of safety against a hammer slip. This takes some practice and you might pinch your thumb when first practicing. With practice, the hammer can always be safely lowered to the half cock position without pinching. Make a practice of cocking the hammer using the slide. If you must lower the hammer, then use the thumb block technique.

There are many ways negligent discharges occur. In my experience, they most often occur following dry firing after cleaning or other maintenance. I have no problem with dry firing and most modern pistols can withstand quite a bit without failure. After cleaning, performing maintenance and/or dry firing and reloading, holster the weapon and don’t mess with it again until ready to shoot. I repeat, after dry firing and reloading, put the weapon in the holster and don’t mess with it until ready to shoot again! By doing this simple thing, the possibility of negligent discharge is almost eliminated.

May your shooting always be for pleasure and never in fear or anger. 

James Wesley:
Regarding the recent letter In Praise of the MAK-90, that there were a few slightly erroneous statements made which I wish to clarify: 

Most Norinco MAK-90s (as well as newer Russian/Bulgarian AK family rifles) use Double Hook triggers (not disconnectors), which at the top of the single piece of steel that is the trigger itself (which makes up the trigger/axis pin-bracket/primary sear), operates as the direct primary (semi-auto) sear to the hammer’s release during trigger-pull.  And trigger-slap has nothing to do with double or single hook triggers, but with the disconnecter itself (a different part sitting within the trigger assembly).

Trigger slap is the side-effect of a disconnecter spring that is much too stiff or a disconnecter that sits too low in the trigger-assembly (or has the rear fin that pushes down on the back of the trigger as the hammer is pushing against it during hammer reset).

Anyone with a Tapco G2 (which come in both single/double hook flavors) installed on their AK will notice that this design has no trigger slap, nor do any of the newer Bulgarian/Russian AK trigger assemblies.  Double hook triggers usually lend themselves to better single-stage “target” trigger pulls, whereas the single hook triggers usually offer a more military-style 2-stage trigger pull.  All AKMs will work with single-hook triggers, but not all receivers will accept double-hook triggers, though a few minutes with a Dremel cutting wheel can add a second “cut” to the trigger-cutout in the receiver, if not already there, to accommodate it (just by looking at and copying the single-hook cutout as seen on the other side of the hole).

As for the 1.5mm vs the 1mm receiver thicknesses, the 1.5mm was the result of production with less-than-stellar quality steel (see softer-steel used in many Yugoslavian M70s).  The 1.5mm was to make up for the loss of strength with sub-standard steel, mostly during the era when the former Yugoslavia did not have access to high-quality ordnance-grade steel; not that China had this problem but they went with more-than-needed steel anyway. 

1mm receivers made properly with in-spec steel (and properly heat-treated) will literally outlast every other part of the rifle (long after the lands are shot smooth even in a chromed bore).  So-called “heat fatigue” does not necessarily concern the AKM receivers (as much as axis-pin hole fatigue or rear trunnion walking from the BC slamming into it…but again this is really only a problem in non-heat-treated receivers) as they do not heat up nearly as much as the barrel/gas-block/gas tube and, again, if properly heat-treated, it’s a non-issue.  American companies such as Global Trades (Armory Inc.), Nodak Spuds, et. al. make fine 1mm receivers that are of high-grade steel and are properly and fully heat-treated.

Remember: Even stamped-receiver AKMs still have forged/milled front and rear trunnions where all the lockup and abuse happens.

I have nothing against Norinco produced AKs, as they (MAK-90s and Polytech Legends) are of high quality fit and finish and every one I’ve seen/handles/shot has been superbly machined, blued and assembled.  However, I’m not a huge fan of them as they do have firing-pin springs (one more thing to potentially fail).  They can, over time, cake up with dirt, crud, fowling and binding up the spring and so forth and cause shallow primer strikes from a short firing pin strike (subsequently causing misfires).  The only real drawback is slightly more care is required when cleaning out the firing-pin and channel in these rifles.

And while the heavier barrel is nice for slightly more resistance to heat-buildup and harmonic dampening, the addition of the 1.5mm receiver makes the weapon heavier than it needs to be.  And for me, personally, though they do have slightly-less felt recoil (if properly braked), they do not balance or mount as well as a Com-Bloc AKM-type rifle.  That is, however, purely my personal preference.

For those wanting to tighten up their AK’s groups, I suggest using good ammo. I like Golden Tiger as it’s proper .311″ dia. and is boat-tail, which carries better at and beyond 300 meters.  For premium low-flash and high-accuracy, go with the Hornady Steel line loaded with V-Max bullets.  I’ve also had decent groups with the Barnaul/Bear series of 7.62×39 ammo), and increasing your sight-radius always helps.  A few things to look at in that regard, Tech-Sights and the Dog Leg Scope Rail (with Peep sight/Optional) from Texas Weapon Systems.

Most, with proper technique, should see their groups go from 50% to 200% tighter.  It truly is more than just a moderately accurate rifle, all things considered.  Most “battlefield pickup” AKs that many of our troops have seen/handled have been around for decades and have had tens if not hundreds of thousands of rounds through them, so the bores are, let’s just say, less than crisp at that point (even though they’re still running like swiss watches after so much shooting).  That’s where part of the bad rap in accuracy comes from.  Crummy ammo would be another big negative as well as the average standard sights.

Shoot 50,000+ rounds through any rifle and tell me how it groups then.

But if you’ve shot a Russian/Bulgarian type AKM with a new/newish Steyr-made cold-hammer forged barrel (or clone) and proper ammo/sights, you’d know what I’m talking about when I say they are at least fairly accurate weapons.  And they still carry plenty of authority at 500 meter range, if employed correctly. I hope this helps, – Kyrottimus

I would like to talk about the Norinco MAK-90 in 7.62×39 because I believe it to be one of the best combat worthy weapons on the market for the money today. I will cover two parts: The MAK-90 specifically and the AK in general. First I’ll speak to those who already like AKs.

MAKs are better than most AKs presently on the market in the U.S. because:

1) It is not a “parts” gun. It is 100% assembled in a foreign arsenal that has been making AKs for decades. This means no canted front sights or other shoddy workmanship. 2) It has a 1.5 mm stamped receiver where most AKs have a 1 mm. This means less heat fatigue in the weapon under hard use. 3) The barrel is thicker than most AKs. How much? Not exactly sure but the difference is visible to the naked eye. 4) The chamber and barrel are chrome lined. Why would anyone want a fighting rifle with out this vital combat feature? 5) The trigger has a double hook disconnector. This means a much smoother trigger pull than a single hook and no trigger slap. 6) It is selling for $600-$700 these days. I got mine for $425 in 2009. It’s more than a WASR but in light of the above points I think it’s well worth the extra cash. It’s a lot less than the $1,200 Vegas Arsenal with comparable quality in everything but finish and cosmetics. 7) They were imported by the hundreds of thousands if not millions. You will be able to find one out there.

Now, to those who think of the AK as the “Soviet plow”: I don’t think many would argue the reliability of the system. Battle proven to the point of being legendary. Enough said. But what about AK accuracy? You can’t hit the broad side of a barn with an AK, right? Watch this video. That’s 230 yards from the offhand with a WASR (not the highest quality AK) on a 15 inch steel plate with iron sights. Is that world class accuracy? Nope. Is it combat accurate? You betcha! Would he be even more accurate from the prone and/or with a red dot?  You betcha!   That brings us to penetration. Your enemies will be behind what they consider cover once the first round goes downrange. The AK uses a 7.62mm (.30 caiber) bullet. The USMC video below shows the AK-47 shooting 7.62x39mm ball penetrating brick and block buildings with both straight on shots and shots at a 45 degree angle. I am not sure of the range but the testing is for “urban” environments so I would imagine 35-50 yards. And to be fair the tests are done using full auto bursts but then again semi auto fire is pretty darn quick. Windshields? Small to medium trees? Car doors? Sheet rock? Hot knife through butter. No bullet deflection here.      

Now I know what you are thinking “But, Belt Buckle, I can have the best of all worlds with my .308 MBR!” Three of the main reasons touted for the .308 are range, accuracy and penetration. And I will make no argument against these, as the .308 is indeed a fine round. But as we have seen above the AK has acceptable combat performance in all these areas. Does the .308 perform better in all these areas? Yes, at a price. Let’s talk weight.

A 22-inch barrel M14 with wood stock weighs 11.5 pounds, while a 16-inch barrel Type 56 (almost identical to a MAK) with wood stock weighs 8.9 pounds.

I’ll admit the AK is heavy. But if you have ever patrolled with a rifle you know that a extra 2.5 lb or so is a real big deal. Can you carry a thirteen pound loaded rifle in your hands all day? I’ll be doing good to carry my AK. 

Loaded AK magazine: 1.81 lb. Loaded M14 magazine: 1.63 lb.

Pretty close regarding mags except when you consider that the AK holds ten more rounds. In a firefight ten extra rounds between mag changes is a substantial advantage. With a six magazine load out, the AK will have sixty rounds left when the M14 has exhausted it’s ammo. That’s two full mags. Also the AK mag is steel, not aluminum. You could literally drive nails with one. No combat knife? Brain ’em with an AK mag:)   The price paid is also literal. .308 cal MBRs are also around three times more expensive than AKs. The rounds are also much more expensive.

Under a lot of conditions, the added range and accuracy of the .308 can be negated. We must remember we are survivalists and not soldiers in a standing army. Under what scenario does one envision engaging personnel at 500 or 600 yards? You need good optics for proper target ID at that range. It takes quality training to make a 600 yard shot. Under SHTF conditions will you automatically engage a group of armed men approaching your position? The morally justifiable scenario would be to halt them within shouting distance and determine their intentions. Maybe you have foreknowledge of a group of satanic mutant biker cannibals coming your way and decide to employ a long range ambush. Fine, a completely realistic scenario under SHTF conditions if your area is unobstructed enough for that long of a shot. If the Chinese Army invades and you employ a long range ambush then you are going to have mortars, arty or an air strike called in on your position and maybe “grabbing the belt buckle” of your enemy in a short range ambush would be more conducive to success. Are you going to be sniping the leader of a looter group? Fine. But that shot might be better served by a scoped bolt action hunting or sniper weapon which could just as easily be .30-06 or .300 Winchester Magnum. How many of you have 500 or 600 yard kill zones surrounding your retreat? Probably some but not many.

My purpose here in not to belittle the .308 Winchester/7.62mm NATO. It’s a great round. But where it really excels is the medium to long range fight. I live in Tennessee very near the Great Smoky Mountains and my retreat is in the foothills of those mountains. What area that isn’t taken up by trees and brush in the country is taken up by buildings in the city. And those trees and brush become more prominent the closer you get to the mountains until you have almost jungle conditions. The 7.62x39mm AK round will penetrate that brush without a grunt. Are there areas here where you could take a 600 yard shot? Sure. But precious few. The AK excels in the short to medium range fight. AKs are short enough for CQB and follow up shots are much more controllable than .308. If I lived in a flat and/or sparsely wooded area of the country would I feel different? Yep, I’d pony up the extra cash and get a M1A. What I am suggesting here is that the AK has more than acceptable combat capabilities for my AO and at a affordable price. Add to this the fact that AKs rarely break any parts. You could pass a AK down to your grandchildren with no work done except occasional cleaning.

Hey, if you’ve got the money then get a personal defense weapon (PDW), a “battle” rifle and a “sniper” rifle. Bases covered. But if you are on a budget and need a rifle that does nothing great (except go bang) but most things well, then buy an AK.

Now I know what you are saying “But Belt Buckle, you didn’t mention the AR-15”. That’s right, I didn’t. This is a .30 caliber essay. Sincerely, – Belt Buckle Bill