Deep Winter Prepping, by Ronald in Alberta

I live on a small ranch in Northern Alberta, Canada. I’m approximately a half hour drive to the nearest small town, and the winters here can be tremendous. I’ve always taken a slightly different approach to preps than most of my American counter parts, because most energy, food, shelter, water and defense advice floating around the Internet is not cold weather viable. In this short paper I will attempt to relay to you, the reader, the importance of being ready for winter in all aspects of survival. This is a short collection of some thoughts and experiences I’ve had living through Northern Canada winters.

1) Heat is what you need in the winter. ‘Of course!’ you say. It’s hard to emphasis the priority having heat takes when it is -40 (Celsius or Fahrenheit it doesn’t matter). Food, shelter, water, medicine, and defense all rely on having enough heat. You can’t clean with, or drink, water that is frozen. Even eating snow is not recommended because of the energy your body must use to heat the frozen water. You can’t eat meat that is frozen solid. You can’t live in uninsulated flimsy structures not designed to handle the weight of snow, or the extreme life-sucking cold. You can’t stay in a LP/OP for very long without heat. It is harder to fight with a rifle when you cannot feel your hands or they ache intensely from being frozen. Everything takes a back seat to keeping you and your families body temperature at the correct level. You will find that all aspects of surviving a winter are ultimately steps towards providing enough heat to live. I think most preppers agree a good wood stove and a way to efficiently obtain dry fire wood in the winter is a must. A Ski Doo (snowmobile), a sled for hauling, a good chainsaw, extra chains, oils, parts, fuels, tools etc are all requisites as well as the ability to differentiate dead standing wood (the dry stuff) with live trees that are simply dormant for the winter (not dry stuff) and transport it back home. Have multiple methods of heating the indoors.

2) Food is akin to warmth. Your body will automatically try to keep warm if it detects colder temperatures, burning extra calories. You will find that in order to maintain a healthy mind and body, you will need to start a supplement regime through the coldest winter months, when there is little to no fresh vegetables or fruits, and mainly a diet of preserves and game. Canned goods that become frozen may go bad, or the container may rupture. Unless you have an extensive organic garden that provides a winter’s worth of preserves each summer, you will most likely end up eating some GMO canned products. Hunting changes with the coming of snow. Deep snow can become a serious problem for most hunters as mobility in four to five feet of snow without snow shoes or a skidoo is minimal and exhausting. For game you will mostly find mammals such as coyotes, deer, elk, etc. All can be taxing to move or prepare in deep snow. Ice fishing requires an ice auger, and multiple lines in multiple holes to really be successful.

3) Water is relatively easy to find. See that white stuff? Yup. Water. It needs heat. For every shovel full of snow you melt, you will get approximately 1/3 that volume in water. Start shoveling! If you have a good well, the water will remain liquid until it is exposed at ground level. If you heat water then put it outside it will freeze even faster, so don’t do your animals a favour. All lakes, ponds, and rivers will freeze over and become hidden under snow, so you need a water source.

4) Shelter is a means of efficient heat. It contains the heat from your stove for a longer time. It keeps the wind off you, which can make the cold multitudes worse. It is a place to prepare food, practice good hygiene, and spend time with friends and family, safe from the hostile environment outside. Temporary shelters such as igloos can work if one is skilled enough and snow conditions allow snow to be packed together. This is not always possible in extreme cold. An alternative is using layered pine tree branches in a sturdy lean-to design, with a fire in front projecting heat. Note that you must dig down through the frozen snow before starting a fire for obvious reasons. Be creative. Keep the wind off your skin. Contain the heat safely. Find a way to dry your clothes and skin off while in shelter. Your shelter needs to handle huge amounts of snow weight, and will still need to be cleared. If you own a house you must shovel your roofs off if too much snow builds up on it, or it may collapse or deform, and leak.

5) While I have never been in a gun fight in the middle of winter, there are some common sense things that everyone needs to take into consideration. Cold hands are the least of your worries! We are all taught to ‘get off the X’, but this becomes problematic in a situation where you may have to run through a foot or more of snow. Its slippery, heavy, and you don’t know what you’re stepping on under that snow. If it gets a little deeper you simply cannot run, much less retain a sight picture of your firearm. Sinking into a snow bank up to your waist while someone is trying to kill you is probably not a good thing. Going prone may save you, but its a gamble if you’ll land softly on the snow and ready to fight, or end up swimming in the snow looking for your buried firearms (which may or may not function after being packed with snow). You will be wet and cold when you stand up again.  The first nations had a proper solution to this. Snow shoes are life savers. I recommend rifle drills where you practice positional shooting with snow shoes as well as getting off the X. Go on winter hikes through a forest area with the shoes on. Skis become problematic due to the length especially if you are in a thick tangle of branches. Cold weather will affect the ballistics of your rifles tremendously. Canadian Rangers still use the Lee-Enfield which is a .30 caliber bolt action rifle, because the AR-15 platform simply does not perform in the super cold climate. It tends to have problems with its gas impingement system and the arctic climate and dense air causes the small .223 round to lose stability much much quicker. Also a bolt action with iron sights is much more likely to function even after being jammed full of ice and snow and moisture. M1As, AKs and VZ58s will all work very well in the extreme cold, provided that you keep your actions clear [and de-lubricated].  Winter is a completely different beast. Everyone can see your footprints in the snow, and tell how long ago you were there. You need a whole new set of winter camo’s and gear such as no-fog goggles and proper gloves, boots, and balaclavas.  What will you do if someone blocks the road off in front of you? Your vehicle cant go through the snow in the ditches. If your vehicle is disabled you are put into an immediate heat-shelter survival situation on the side of the road, and you could be wounded as well.  If someone comes into your house in the middle of the night, and you decide to run… will you make it till morning at -40 degrees? A huge truck full of cut firewood would be a target in a winter TEOTWAWKI situation. Snow banks need at least a few feet of width to stop most rifle rounds. The snow will reflect moon light making night time bright as day (almost!) and if you put snow in your mouth it will stop people from seeing your breath. Batteries for night vision devices and red dot sights will die quicker. If you bury a weapon cache in the ground during summer months, that same ground will be hard as a rock and full of ice during the winter. That is… after you find it and shovel all the snow off it first! When the spring comes and all that snow melts guess where that water will go? Yup. Right down into the hole you dug for your end-of-the-world rifle.

Study the Eastern Front of the Second World War and the hardships many soldiers went through during those winters.

Think outside the box. Last winter I stayed in a trappers tent with a wood stove. To handle the weight of the snow on the tent, I drove fence posts in beside the tent and tied all of the supports to the fencing post, and after that I threw a double layer tarp over the entire tent. The result was an outer layer of tarp with a approximately a foot of space between it and the inner tent. This space acted as an insulator for inside. The outer tarp, which was always frozen, would dehumidify the air by building up frost on the inside. I stayed comfortable and warm in a 12′ x 20′ tent during a deep Canadian North winter. It was dry, so I was able to safely use my laptop and some lights inside. I would not recommend storing electronics in a winter tent such as this because it will collect frost, and when that frost melts and electricity is applied… you may has well have thrown it in a lake. I had to run my stove constantly. Cutting firewood and hauling it on a shoveled drive way with my quad was a huge calorie burn. That’s on a day when my quad would start easy. I will be purchasing a good working skidoo this fall, as well as storing several containers of stabilized gasoline.

Letter Re: Stealth Wood Cutting and Splitting with Electric Tools

James,
I wanted offer some praise to J.J.S. and is thorough submission titled Heating with Wood 101. I’m following his lead and wanted to offer your readers some additional ideas on wood processing with some stealth after TSHTF. Running a 50cc chainsaw and a 34-ton log splitter is all fine and dandy when there’s no one around meaning to do you any harm but its completely inappropriate in a TEOTWAWKI situation. If you are lucky enough to have a renewable energy source its advisable to switch to electrical tools because they are so quiet. Either of the big box stores carry electric chainsaws and electric, 5-ton log splitters at reasonable prices. I’ve also found that they have a semi-professional grade chain sharpener that’ll make the teeth on your chain look like a mirror when sharpened. While the 5 ton splitter isn’t going to split 3 foot diameter pine trees like a gas one will, it will go through the same wood once you quarter it with a maul. Just add a bit of oil to the maul on the splitter and it’ll do just fine. Here are quick links to the three products I recommend:

Regards, – Gilpin Guy

JWR Replies: I appreciate your advice, but the brands that you mentioned are mostly made in mainland China. (See my many admonitions about China’s laogui prison factories.)

The WORX brand tools and their batteries are all made in China. One alternative: I have a Makita 14-inch electric chain saw, and I’ve been quite happy with it. To the best of my knowledge, those are still made in Japan.

The Task Force brand tools (a house brand of Lowe’s) are also imported. Many of those come from China. An American-made alternative that is more powerful (16-tons of force) is produced by Ramsplitter. As electric splitters go, these are fast and powerful. Another American-made electric splitter is the 10-ton dual-action splitter made by DR. Unlike a typical gas engine splitter, most electric splitters cannot be heard from more than a short distance away.

The Buffalo Tools brand products are made in China. An excellent American-made alternative is made by Silvey. Unlike the cheap imported chain grinders, these cut a precision square notch.

Letter Re: How to Survive a Serious Burn

Mr. Rawles,

I always read your site with interest, especially the medical advice that is written by Dr. Koelker and others, as this is my area of expertise.

Dr. Koelker’s article regarding burn care made very brief mention of a technique called hypodermoclysis as an alternative method for intravenous infusion of fluids in the event of a severe burn. Essentially, hypodermoclysis involves using a regular IV catheter to infuse fluids into the patient’s subcutaneous tissue. Unfortunately, it wouldn’t be a replacement for IV fluids in the case she uses as an example. It appears that the maximum amount of fluids that can be infused over a 24-hour period is about 3,000 mL, using two sites, which would fall short of her fluid replacement calculations using the Parkland formula.

I think in combination with oral rehydration therapy in a conscious patient, hypodermoclysis would be a valid option to assist in maintaining fluid balance in a burn patient, but would not otherwise be sufficient to keep a burn patient hydrated.

Additionally, in a TEOTWAWKI situation with limited resources, knowing when to provide “comfort care” versus aggressive fluid resuscitation might be useful. Although there are newer guidelines with regards to burn survivability, they probably only apply to burn centers. Once upon a time, the age of the patient + the % area of burned skin = the patient’s chance of dying. A revision adds an additional 17% chance of death if the patient’s burn includes an inhalation injury.

For further reading:

  • Hypodermoclysis: An Alternative Infusion Technique. Am Fam Physician. 2001 Nov 1;64(9):1575-1579.
  • Simplified Estimates of the Probability of Death After Burn Injuries: Extending and Updating the Baux Score. J Trauma. 2010 Mar;68(3):690-7

– Todd B., MD

News From The American Redoubt:

There has recently been some discussion in the blogosphere of Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground laws. To clarify: All but one of the five American Redoubt states currently have solid Castle Doctrine (right to defend your habitation) laws on the books. These include strong protections of the rights of homeowners and house renters in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. There is also a modified form of the Castle Doctrine in force in Washington as well as a location nonspecific Stand Your Ground law. But Oregon’s law is presently ambiguous. Their “duty to retreat” law enacted in 1971 was partly overturned by a state supreme court decision in 2007. There is an active movement to improve Oregon’s law, but a recent ballot measure on this failed in 2012. The long term prospects for passage of a Castle Doctrine law in Oregon are good, given the preponderance of states that now have such laws.

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Are you an experienced machinist? Then there is probably a job for you in the Redoubt! In Idaho, labor shortage hurts gun industry. (Thanks to R.B.S. for the link.)

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Some disappointing news: Idaho Cooperates with Homeland Security on National ID

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Montana Anti-Location Spying Bill Becomes Law With Governor Signature. The editor of the Lightning War For Liberty blog noted that this bill was passed in April–several months before Edward Snowden’s NSA revelations.

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The American Redoubt influx continues! Pastor Chuck Baldwin (up in Missoula, Montana) reported in his latest e-newsletter: “Once again, last Sunday, we had visitors with us from at least 7 or 8 states. The Sunday before that, the number was 10-12. And many of these folks are trying to make arrangements to move to the valley to be part of Liberty Fellowship.”

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Reader G.J. suggested a Red State Talk podcast show called The Uncooperative Radio Show with Brian and Susan Bonner, in Montana. G.J. summarized: “Brian Bonner is a paramedic originally from New York who was once pro-union but who is now a Constitutionalist who is interested in self-sufficient living.”

Odds ‘n Sods:

Camping Survival 23% off sale on all Backpackers Pantry Freeze Dried Foods ends on July 28th, so order soon.

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Mike Williamson (SurvivalBlog’s Editor At Large) wrote to mention: “Due to publishing deadlines, my novel Freehold originally came out only in paperback.  A decade later, there is finally a signed, limited edition hardcover scheduled. Anyone interested should place a pre-order as soon as they can, since this will be a one-time press run.”

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Max is back! It appears that Mad Max: Fury Road is now in post-production and will be released in the summer of 2014. Those of us who enjoyed The Road Warrior are anxiously awaiting the release.

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Cheryl N. Mentioned a new secure Internet communications system: RetroShare.

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The leftist mass media can’t Trayvon this one: Cleveland man shoots intruder holding fiancée at gunpoint; Resident applauded by councilman.

Jim’s Quote of the Day:

A: Because it messes up the order in which people normally read text.
Q: Why is it such a bad thing?
A: Top-posting.
Q: What is the most annoying thing in e-mail?

– SurvivalBlog Reader L.R.S.

Does America Need to Build New Misprison Prisons?

You may have heard about the BHO administration regime’s expanded “Insider Threat Program,” which amplifies Executive Order 13587, published back in 2011. After a brief flurry of media attention earlier this month, this has been thoroughly soft-pedaled. (“Nothing to see here, move along.”) But these new policies have been laid down and the penalties for noncompliance have been established. Without an act of Congress, these policies are now effective. Rather than re-hash the details, I will quote the first part of a well-written McClatchy News Service article:

“In an initiative aimed at rooting out future leakers and other security violators, President Barack Obama has ordered federal employees to report suspicious actions of their colleagues based on behavioral profiling techniques that are not scientifically proven to work, according to experts and government documents.

The techniques are a key pillar of the Insider Threat Program, an unprecedented government-wide crackdown under which millions of federal bureaucrats and contractors must watch out for “high-risk persons or behaviors” among co-workers. Those who fail to report them could face penalties, including criminal charges.

Obama mandated the program in an October 2011 executive order after Army Pfc. Bradley Manning downloaded hundreds of thousands of documents from a classified computer network and gave them to WikiLeaks, the anti-government secrecy group. The order covers virtually every federal department and agency, including the Peace Corps, the Department of Education and others not directly involved in national security.

Under the program, which is being implemented with little public attention, security investigations can be launched when government employees showing “indicators of insider threat behavior” are reported by co-workers, according to previously undisclosed administration documents obtained by McClatchy. Investigations also can be triggered when “suspicious user behavior” is detected by computer network monitoring and reported to “insider threat personnel.”

Federal employees and contractors are asked to pay particular attention to the lifestyles, attitudes and behaviors – like financial troubles, odd working hours or unexplained travel – of co-workers as a way to predict whether they might do “harm to the United States.” Managers of special insider threat offices will have “regular, timely, and, if possible, electronic, access” to employees’ personnel, payroll, disciplinary and “personal contact” files, as well as records of their use of classified and unclassified computer networks, polygraph results, travel reports and financial disclosure forms.

Over the years, numerous studies of public and private workers who’ve been caught spying, leaking classified information, stealing corporate secrets or engaging in sabotage have identified psychological profiles that could offer clues to possible threats. Administration officials want government workers trained to look for such indicators and report them so the next violation can be stopped before it happens.

“In past espionage cases, we find people saw things that may have helped identify a spy, but never reported it,” said Gene Barlow, a spokesman for the Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive, which oversees government efforts to detect threats like spies and computer hackers and is helping implement the Insider Threat Program. “That is why the awareness effort of the program is to teach people not only what types of activity to report, but how to report it and why it is so important to report it.”

But even the government’s top scientific advisers have questioned these techniques. Those experts say that trying to predict future acts through behavioral monitoring is unproven and could result in illegal ethnic and racial profiling and privacy violations.

“There is no consensus in the relevant scientific community nor on the committee regarding whether any behavioral surveillance or physiological monitoring techniques are ready for use at all,” concluded a 2008 National Research Council report on detecting terrorists.

“Doing something similar about predicting future leakers seems even more speculative,” Stephen Fienberg, a professor of statistics and social science at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh and a member of the committee that wrote the report, told McClatchy.

The emphasis on individual lifestyles, attitudes and behaviors comes at a time when growing numbers of Americans must submit to extensive background checks, polygraph tests and security investigations to be hired or to keep government or federal contracting jobs. The U.S. government is one of the world’s largest employers, overseeing an ever-expanding ocean of information.

While the Insider Threat Program mandates that the nearly 5 million federal workers and contractors with clearances undergo training in recognizing suspicious behavior indicators, it allows individual departments and agencies to extend the requirement to their entire workforces, something the Army already has done.

Training should address “current and potential threats in the work and personal environment” and focus on “the importance of detecting potential insider threats by cleared employees and reporting suspected activity to insider threat personnel and other designated officials,” says one of the documents obtained by McClatchy…”

This employee snitch policy for the Federal government is intent on making all government employees spy upon one another, like loyal communist East Germans before 1989. Das ist die neu Stasi. Failure to report someone suspicious is now grounds for termination or for release from a contract. And we aren’t just talking about people who are read-on for SCI here. We are talking about all Federal employees.

With this new policy, the byword appears to have been changed to: “If you see something, say something, or else!“

It is important to note that “Misprison of a Serious Offense” has been included in the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) for many years. Article 134 (the “catch all” general article, that comes right after “conduct unbecoming an officer”) says in part that if a sworn member of the U.S. armed forces knows of the commission of a serious crime and fails to report it, then they themselves may be held criminally liable. But it is grossly over-reaching to institute a similar policy without consent of congress, upon GS-series employees and outside contractors who are not sworn defenders of the nation, and who did not consent to this level of intrusiveness as a precondition of their employment. I predict that this policy will not survive judicial scrutiny.

Now all of this is not to say that someone in a position of “special trust and confidence” shouldn’t beware of suspicious contacts by foreigners. (And FWIW, I had my own brush with this, when I was read on for SCI, and I reported it, just as I had been instructed.) But this new policy is downright paranoid, and is more about CYA for Team Obama than it is about protecting classified information from genuine hostile intelligence threats. I should also mention that I believe that Edward Snowden’s initial revelations about PRISM and Upstream was justified for the public interest, although he should have refrained from releasing SCI codeword acronyms, in the process. (The code words themselves are classified. Publishing them was not necessary, since they could have easily been redacted.)

By setting this standard, President Bolt Hold Open is now effectively militarizing the entire Federal Government, by absurdly setting the bar at the Article 134 level for every employee. Think about it. This means: Every IRS paper pusher. Every USDA soil tester. Every Corps of Engineers bulldozer driver. Every Peace Corps volunteer. Every Forest Service contract tree planter. Every janitor in a Federal building. This all fits with BHO’s unremitting push toward statism–toward the goal of placing the national government in the rightful sphere recognized as belonging to God: omniscient, omnipresent, and omnipotent. George Orwell only had a glimpse of what was to come.

The mere knowledge of the commission of a crime cannot be considered a crime in and of itself. (The rarely used Federal statute on Misprision of a Felony, codified in 1910, only includes actively concealing a felony, not just mere knowledge.) But BHO & Company has effectively expanded the Article 134 level of scrutiny from sworn members of the armed forces to now include all Federal employees and contractors. The news stories make reference to “criminal charges” for Federal employees who fail to report suspicious behavior. But since the Executive branch cannot write laws–only enforce them–how could they create a new category of law that has criminal penalties? The short answer is: They can’t. But by cleverly mixing fact and hyperbole in their public statements, they are apparently hoping to buffalo their employees into becoming informants. But the fact is, unless the law changes–and only Congress can do that–then the only Federal employees who can be charged with misprision for anything other than actively concealing a felony are those who are under the jurisdiction of the UCMJ. (Parenthetically, in 2007 civilian contractors who work in combat zones were quietly added to UCMJ jurisdiction, by an act of Congress.)

How long will it be until they try to force this on the entire citizenry? Or are they just hoping to entice us into informing on our neighbors, making us all supergrassers? Since they are all already encouraging the citizenry with the glib: “If you see something, say something” line, then I suspect that it probably won’t be very long. And if they make not snitching a crime for everyone, then they’ll have to build a lot of new prisons. (They could be called misprison prisons.) And they’ll need huge warehouses with miles of file folder shelves and huge server farms for all of the reports from their informants and digital recordings of conversations.

We are living in perilous times. BHO and Eric Holder would probably love to see our society go Full Stasi. Don’t let them succeed.

As I’ve summarized before: We are living in the age of deception and betrayal. Beware. Be politically active. Let your congresscritters feel the heat, so that they will see the light. Be vocal, but do so about the right things. Pray for the wisdom and discernment to know when to remain silent. Don’t become a tool of the statists. – J.W.R.

How to Survive a Serious Burn, by Cynthia J. Koelker, MD

How large must a burn be to kill you?  How is a burn fatal anyway?  Is there anything you can do to improve your odds?
Lacking an emergency response system, you’ll be on your own if you cook yourself on a heating pad, or catch your clothes on fire, or spill hot coffee down your pants while driving.  What would now be referred to a burn unit for specialized care may require home treatment when it’s the only option.
Without skin, you die.  The danger of burns is related to the function of the skin.  Normally the skin “keeps the insides in and the outside out.”  Skin protects against invading microorganisms which may cause infection.  It helps regulate the body temperature by preventing heat loss.  Skin acts as a barrier preventing excess water loss from the body.   

Death may occur related to interruption of any of these functions.  Dehydration, hypothermia, and/or infection are all potentially lethal.     

Skin burns are the most common type of thermal injury, and the most common burn for which patients seek treatment.  (Inhalation burns will not be addressed here.)  Most first-degree burns are treated at home, and cause only discomfort and reddening of the skin, but no blisters or significant fluid loss.  Third-degree burns are fortunately uncommon.  It is the second-degree burns which pose the greatest danger.  These burns cause blistering, pain, and fluid loss as the top layers of the skin are disrupted, exposing the tender inner layers to the outside environment.  Deeper, third-degree burns destroy the nerve endings as well, and scorch the skin into an unfeeling, leathery crust.  These deep burns are often surrounded by a zone of painful blistered second-degree burns.

As with all avoidable injures, at TEOTWAWKI , prevention is essential.  Will you allow your children to play in the kitchen while you’re boiling water?  Are you crazy enough to pour gasoline on a fire?  Is it necessary to open a hot radiator while it’s still steaming?  The great majority of the burns that I’ve seen were preventable:
Don’t lean on your curling iron as you apply make-up
Don’t wear shorts riding a motorcycle with a hot exhaust
Don’t set your water heater just below boiling
Don’t fall asleep on a heating pad
Don’t smoke in bed
Don’t let your toddler turn on the hot water
Don’t drink steaming hot coffee while driving
Don’t leave the stove on unattended
Don’t wear loose clothing around an open fire
Prevention is 90% – maybe 99% – of the battle.  Put some thought into how you might live differently if no fire truck is coming – not ever. 
Regarding treatment, the first rule of burn treatment is to protect yourself then STOP THE BURNING.  Cool the burned area with lukewarm water.  Remove clothing from the burned area.  Have the patient lie down if possible, especially if dizzy or light-headed.  Once the burned area is cooled off, heat loss will begin, so warm the patient with blankets or extra clothing.

Now for saving a life:  if adequate fluids are not given in the first 24 hours, the kidneys may shut down permanently, resulting in death.  You must estimate the extent of the burn and calculate needed fluids accordingly.  The Rule of Nines is used to estimate the total body surface area (TBSA) damaged by second- and third-degree burns.  In an adult, the body is divided as follows:
9% for the head
9% for each arm
18% for each leg
18% for front of trunk (chest plus abdomen)
18% for back of trunk
1% for genitalia
For smaller or scattered areas, the size of the patient’s palm including fingers is considered 1%. 

A burn of 10 to 15% of the body can be life-threatening.  Death occurs early on from fluid loss causing renal failure.  Normally these patients are referred to a burn center.  IF YOU DON’T REPLACE LOST FLUIDS ON DAY ONE THE PATIENT WILL DIE. 

The Parkland Formula estimates the amount of fluids required in the first 24 hours:
4 ml x patient weight in kg x % body surface area burned
(Or approximately 1.8 ml x patient weight in pounds x % body surface area burned)
Half the fluid is given in the first 8 hours immediately after the burn, and the second half given over the next 16 hours.
For example, a 150-pound man who has burned his chest and shoulders after opening a steaming radiator may well have 18% of his body surface area involved with 2nd and 3rd degree burns.  Using the above formula, he will require nearly 5 liters of fluid in the first 24 hours (1.8 ml x 150 pounds x 18% = 4,860 ml).  That’s 5 large bags of IV solution (Ringer’s Lactate is preferred). 
Normally fluids are given intravenously.  The first half of the fluids (2.5 liters, in this case) must be given in the first 8 hours after the burn, not after treatment begins.  If it’s already been 4 hours, then this amount must be given over the next 4 hours, not 8 (divided out per hour and per minute), and the second half given over the next 16 hours.  A nurse, EMT, or physician could accomplish this.  I know this is technical, but it’s only middle-school math.
What if you can’t provide an IV?  If the patient is sufficiently alert, oral fluids are the best option (Gatorade or Oral Rehydration Solution).  However burns are painful and patients often require sedation.  Then what?
If you have the IV fluids, they may be administered rectally (similar to an enema) or via hypodermoclysis (a needle placed under the skin, not in a vein – various protocols are available online). 

What if you don’t have IV fluids on hand?  If the patient cannot take fluids orally, then Oral Rehydration Solution given rectally is probably the best option.  The recipe for this is:
6 level teaspoons of sugar
½ level teaspoon of table salt
1 liter of water (5 cups)
It should be given at approximately the same rate as an IV would be given, but taking into account any fluid which leaks out.   
On subsequent days fluids should be given in the amount needed to balance that which is lost, by measuring urine output as well as by daily weights.  Enough fluid must be given to prevent weight loss and to keep urine output above 20–30 ml/hour.  That’s only a few teaspoons per hour.  Less than this and the kidneys shut down.  In an average adult, this equals at least 1.5 to 2 liters daily, and could well be more in a burn patient.

Again, don’t forget to keep the patient warm.  Since the patient may not be able to tell you he’s cold, measure their temperature periodically.  Aim to maintain body temperature in the normal range of 98–100o F.  The likelihood of death increases as body temperature drops below approximately 90 degrees F.

The next enemy is infection.  Thorough cleaning of the injured area is essential.  Any embedded dirt or foreign material such as scorched fabric must be removed.  Clean, soapy water is sufficient in most cases.  Vaseline may be applied gently to remove grease or tar.  A gentle water pik or baby hair brush may help. 
Systemic antibiotics (pills, shots, IVs) are not generally given unless signs of infection occur.  However, topical antibiotics such as Bacitracin and Silvadene can help prevent infection.  Topical honey has also been shown to improve burn healing and prevent infection.
Signs of infection include increasing redness, pus, fever, or overall deterioration of the patient’s condition.  Pus must not be confused with eschar, the white or yellowish-white membrane that forms to cover a burn, much like a soft scab.  In general, this soft eschar is preferable to hard eschar (like a hard scab), which may compromise circulation and impair healing. 

If infection is suspected, nowadays a culture would be taken and the bacteria identified.  Lacking that option, a broad-spectrum antibiotic should be given, such as Augmentin, cephalexin, or possibly erythromycin.  If these are ineffective after a few days of treatment, a resistant organism or gram-negative bacteria may be present, and the patient should be switched to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, or similar drug.  If the infection enters the blood stream, it may cause sepsis, heart valve infection, or other fatal outcome.

Aside from potentially fatal problems, pain is a major concern with serious burns, and often requires narcotics and/or sedation.  Even exposing a burn to air may increase pain, so keeping wounds covered is essential not only for preventing infection, but also for comfort.  Your supply of narcotics and sedatives could easily be consumed with a single burn patient.  Over-the-counter sedating antihistamines (diphenhydramine, doxylamine) may be useful, but alcohol should be avoided unless the situation is hopeless, in which case easing a patient’s discomfort with any means available is reasonable. 

The current treatment of burns using early debridement and skin grafting is probably not a realistic goal without a team of medical providers. 
ReCell (spray-on skin) is a new technology that appears promising even for TEOTWAWKI.  Unfortunately it is not yet available in the US.  Perhaps the concept could be applied to grid-down medicine. 

About the Author: Dr. Cynthia Koelker serves as Medical Editor for SurvivalBlog, and hosts the survival medicine web site www.armageddonmedicine.net. She is the author of the book Armageddon Medicine and is the chief instructor for the Survival Medicine Workshops. Burn injuries are just one of numerous topics covered in her Survival Medicine Workshops. 

Pat’s Product Review: Ruger SR45

No mistake about it! The .45ACP is still one of America’s favorite cartridges, and there are many different handgun platforms that shoot this popular round, and for good reason, it is a proven man stopper. I recently reviewed the Ruger SR1911C hand, and I love the 1911 platform, however, it is not the only one that catches my attention these days. One problem I run across with .45 ACP handguns that carry a lot of rounds is that, they are too fat for my hand and trigger reach is a bit of a stretch for me – which means I can’t properly grip the pistol the way I want to.
 
Several years ago, Sturm, Ruger and Co., Inc. came out with their first striker-fired handguns, the SR9 and it was an immediate hit. Only problem was, there were a few glitches with the first ones. Ruger was very fast in issuing a recall, and made some upgrades to the SR9 and there have been no other problems. I had one of the first SR9 samples and I sent mine in and it was returned in less than two weeks. Ruger is to be applauded for doing the right thing – and doing it fast! However, the SR was “only” a 9mm and people wanted more – so Ruger came out with the SR40 – another great step, because it was in .40S&W caliber. But handgunners still were satisfied – they wanted an SR in .45 ACP and Ruger listened! I received the SR45 several months ago for testing and it is an outstanding pistol in all respects.
 
Let’s get the boring stuff out of the way, the SR45 is a full-sized service pistol, not a small concealed carry piece, although I’ve carried my sample undetected under light clothing – amazing what the right holster and cover garment can do. My SR45 sample has the stainless steel slide – and another model has a blackened alloy slide. I prefer the stainless slide because of the wet climate I live in, in Western Oregon. The frame is manufactured out of black, high performance, glass-filled Nylon, and is finely checkered for a good grip. The barrel is 4.50-inches long. Height is 5.75-inches and the gun weighs-in at slightly over 30-ounces empty with a 10 round magazine – and you get two with each gun. However, my sample was shipped with only one mag, and I contacted the Ruger Customer Service Department and a second mag was shipped right out to me. (Ruger has some of the best customer service staff around.) The overall length of the SR45 is 8-inches, and width is 1.27-inches. I compared the SR45 to a full-sized 1911 and a Commander-sized 1911 and it is closer in size to the Commander-sized 1911s. Three dot adjustable front/rear sights adorn the slide and they are fast to pick-up and pretty much snag-free, too. Sights were dead on for my shooting and needed no adjustments. There is also a Picatinny rail under the dust cover, for attaching lights or lasers to the SR45.
 
The SR45 has a massive extractor, and there is a loaded chamber indicator on the top of the slide, so you can tell if there is a round in the chamber. An ambidextrous safety lever is there, and the trigger has a little safety lever in the face. The magazine release is also ambidextrous as well – nice touch. Additionally, the checkered rubber backstrap can be reversed from the arched to the flat side – I changed mine to the flat side and it only takes a minute to do, simply push out the retaining pin, slide the backstrap off and reverse it and slide it back on and replace the retaining pin. The front sides of the grip frame are also dishes out, making it easier to get a proper grip on the SR45 – again, super-nice touch, Ruger!
 
I was fortunate in that, during this great ammo drought, I still had a good selection of various .45ACP loads on-hand, from Buffalo Bore Ammunition and Black Hills Ammunition for testing in the SR45. Still, I was a bit conservative with my ammo supply, as getting resupplied these days is tough – even for gun writers – ammo companies are making ammo as fast as they can, but they still can’t keep up with supply and demand. In many of my gun articles, I fire at least 500 rounds, and in some tests, I’ve fired more than a thousand rounds, however, for the time being, those days are over, until I can get a steady ammo supply coming in to replace the ammo I shoot-up in my articles. Still, I had a great selection of ammo on-hand for testing over several months and I fired-up more than 300 rounds in my testing – I wanted to give this SR45 a good work out.
 
From Black Hills, I had their outstanding, and almost match-grade 230-grain FMJ load, and this one has always been a fine performer for me. I also had their steel-cased 230-grain FMJ load. In the 185-grain bullet weight, I had their JHP brass-cased and steel-cased ammo. And, my favorite Black Hills .45 ACP load is their 185-grain Barnes all-copper hollow point, TAC-XP +P load. From Buffalo Bore, I had a wide assortment of .45ACP to run through the SR45. I had their brand-new 160-grain Barnes all-copper hollow point, TAC-XP low recoil, standard pressure load, their 185-grain FMJ FN low-recoil, standard pressure load. The 185-grain Barnes all-copper TAC-XP +P load – I like this one – a lot! A 200-grain JHP +P load, and this is fast becoming my favorite .45 ACP loading from Buffalo Bore. Their 230-grain FMJ FN +P load and their outstanding 255-grain Hard Cast +P load. So, as you can see, I had a wide assortment of .45 ACP ammo to test in my sample SR45.
 
First thing I noticed with the SR45 is how crisp the trigger pull was, and how short the pull was. And unlike the very first SR9 samples, there was no grittiness at all in the trigger pull – great job, Ruger! Accuracy – everyone wants to know about accuracy! First of all, I look at “combat” accuracy – this means, will a handgun, at least a full-sized service-style handgun, hold 5-rounds inside of 4-inches at 25-yards. The SR45 easily did this and better. All my accuracy testing was conducted at 25-yards, over the hood of my SUV with a padded rest. I will say, I was very surprised at how accurate the SR45 was – and it was consistently accurate with all loads. I could easily contain most of my 5 round groups in 3-inches if I did my part, on my various outings over several months. Was there a winner in the accuracy department? Well, sorta! The Black Hills 230-grain FMJ would give me groups just slightly under 3-inches and I mean, ever so slightly under 3-inches and the Buffalo Bore 230-grain FMJ FN +P load did the same for me – as did the 185-grain low recoil, standard pressure load. So, in reality, there wasn’t a clear winner in the accuracy department – the SR45 was a pretty consistent shooter in the accuracy department. I did have some bad days on the range, and some of my groups opened-up to more than 4-inches, but it was me, and not the gun and ammo – even gun writers have bad days!
 
I will admit, I had some misgivings with the new Buffalo Bore 160-grain low recoil, standard pressure TAC-XP all-copper hollow point Barnes load. It is, very low recoiling, and I didn’t think this load would give the slide enough “umph” to load the next round from the magazine into the chamber – but it never failed me. And, this is the load I keep in the SR45 as my bedside gun. And, there are no fears that this very light 160-grain bullet will over-penetrate, but it will still get the job down – even at velocities below 800 FPS – I was impressed with this load, and I also carry it in my Kahr CW45 and it is a pussycat to shoot…low recoil means low recoil with this round.
 
At the opposite end of my ammo was the Buffalo Bore 230-grain FMJ FN +P and their 255-grain Hard Cast +P loads, and both of those loads get your attention – no doubt about it. These are the loads you want if you are out hiking in the boonies – they can easily penetrate the skull of a black bear, and make other large dangerous game wish they had picked an easier meal.
 
Now for street carry with the SR45, I loaded it with the Black Hills 185-grain TAC-XP all copper Barnes hollow point +P load. I just like this load and like it a lot and have confidence in it – I’ve tested it extensively in water-filled milk jugs, and into wet newspaper and it reliably expands and stays together – I’ve tested this load more than any other Black Hills .45ACP loads. I’m sorry to say, at this writing, Black Hills is out of this loading, but I’m on the waiting list. I have half a box of this ammo left, and it won’t be used for any more handgun articles – it is being saved for my carry guns in .45ACP. I also like the Black Hills steel-cased loads, the steel cases come from Russia, but this is not dirty-shooting Russian ammo – it is made in the Black Hills factory. The reason Black Hills went to the steel-cased loads was because they couldn’t get enough once-fired .45 ACP brass – so they went with steel-cased loads to save the consumer some money, and there is nothing wrong with these loads. I’d carry the JHP load without hesitation.
 
So, how did the SR45 stack-up in my testing? There were no malfunctions of any sort to speak of. The only problem I encountered was one of the magazines wouldn’t consistently lock-open after the last round was fired, and it happened with a variety of loads, not just one particular load. The other magazine had no problems, and I suspect the problem magazine will work better after it gets broke-in – I’ve had this problem with other handgun magazines – sometimes they just need to get broken-in a bit. So, when I carry the SR45, that magazine is my spare. The SR45 was a pleasure to shoot, and the recoil wasn’t nearly as bad as you think it would be for a polymer-type framed handgun. The low bore to axis lets the gun sit low in your hand, and that helps tame the recoil.
 
As an aside, there is one thing worth note, and that is, the SR45 just grows on your. I can’t put my finger on any single thing about the SR45, but there is just “something” about the SR45 that makes you want to shoot, and shoot, and shoot it!!! The darn gun just kept calling out to me. Even when I was testing guns for other articles, I’d toss the SR45 in my bag and shoot a magazine or two through it – and I still do it. I think Ruger was smart to only go with a 10 round magazine, too. It gives you more rounds than a standard 1911 does, and it gives you a full grip you can get on the gun – it doesn’t feel like a larger capacity .45ACP handgun for some reason. Ruger did the SR45 up right if you ask me. The gun just keeps on perking along, and it keeps on calling out to me, to be shot more and more. There’s nothing not to like about the SR45, and full-retail is only $529.
 
Now for the “bad” news! As many SurvivalBlog readers may know, Ruger is backlogged about two million guns these days. (We have the crowd in DC to thank for this latest run on guns and ammo.) If you can find an SR45 in your local gun shop, don’t put it down, start the paperwork and take it home. – SurvivalBlog Field Gear Editor Pat Cascio

Letter Re: Query on Knife Recommendations

Mr. Rawles,
Could you recommend a style of survival knife? I’ve read several recommendations by various people — everything from a K-Bar to a parang. My wife and I are newcomers to the survival game, but as a hunter and outdoorsman I tend to favor a good, short, fixed-blade (drop point) Buck knife, augmented by a decent folding saw. Are these good choices, or should we really look for a versatile (if not “do-it-all”), long-bladed knife with a partially serrated edge? I’m a bit skeptical of hacking / sawing through things such as tree limbs with a knife, and equally skeptical of a tool which does all things “sort-of,” instead of one thing well.

Forgive me if I just haven’t searched through your archived material enough to find the answer. We read your book (Surviving the End of the World as We Know It), by the way, and consider it one of the best we’ve encountered — factual, informational, accessible. Thanks in advance for your kindness. – Michael L.

JWR Replies: Your daily carry knife is one of your most important survival tools.  Not only is it available for daily utility tasks, but it can be useful for hunting, outdoor survival, or self defense when you are in gun-deprived jurisdictions.

Sheath knifes are stronger than folders, but they have a few drawbacks:
1.)   They are more bulky, and therefore tend to get left at home, when you need them most.
2.)   They are more conspicuous.
3.)   They are restricted in some locales.  (In many cities and states, a blade that is perfectly legal in a pocketknife is a misdemeanor to carry in a fixed blade equivalent.  Yes, this flies in the face of logic. But the law is the law, and we can’t do much about it.) 

One other option is what is commonly called a neck knife—a small fixed blade sheath knife that is designed to be carried on a cord around your neck, concealed beneath your shirt. Typically, the cord is attached to the tip end of the sheath, so that the knife hangs with the handle pointing downward. These are normally drawn by reaching under your shirt and tugging the knife down and free from the sheath. Many folks find these uncomfortable, but others love them. (If you tend to wear loose-fitting shirts that are not tucked in, then this might be a good choice for you. Your mileage may vary.)  One neck knife model that is currently popular is he Crawford Triumph N.E.C.K., made by CRKT. This knife was designed by Pat and Wes Crawford. It is a compact recurve tanto. 
 
Note: Be advised that state and local laws vary widely, so a neck knife might be considered a concealed weapon in some jurisdictions.

Aside for some specialty filleting or skinning knives, I generally prefer half-serrated tanto style blades. I’ve found those to be the most versatile for everyday carry. But of course choose what suits you and your particular needs.
 
There is a dizzying array of folding knives available. Again, I generally prefer half-serrated tanto style blades, but choose what suits you. FWIW, I often carry a Cold Steel Voyager XL Tanto model. (Mine are mostly half-serrated (“Combo Edge”) tantos, and in the Extra Large (XL) size.) A smaller version (the “Large”) might suit some folks better. Regardless, you should first check your state and local knife laws for blade length restrictions.
 
My general advice is to carry the longest blade knife that you can and will carry every day, without fail. This is the Everyday Carry (EDC) approach. The knife that gets left at home because it is too bulky or heavy is almost worthless.

Without too much more weight and bulk, you can also carry a small combination tool (such as a mini Leatherman or a small Swiss Army knife), and/or a small flashlight in a belt pouch. But I recommend the big folding pocketknife be carried in a front trouser pocket using a belt clip, for very quick access. And pocket carry using a belt clip also leaves the knife partly exposed, an hence will shield you from a “concealed weapons” charge, in some jurisdictions.

Yes, you can buy a great big Ramboesque “survival” knife, but will you have it with you when you really need it? In my estimation the EDC knife and small tools concept is much more workable.

Recipe of the Week:

Martha S.’s Whole Wheat Bread

3 cups warm water
1/3 cup plus 1 Tbls. honey
1 packet of dry yeast
4 tsp. salt
1/2 cup applesauce
Approximately 10 cups whole wheat flour
(I think it’s best when it’s freshly ground.)
4 – 8 1/2" X 4 1/2" loaf pans (The smaller pan size is good because
it allows the bread to rise in the pan a little higher.)
Butter – to grease the pans.

Dissolve yeast in the warm water mixed w/1 Tbls. honey in a large pottery bowl.  
Let sit 5 minutes, yeast should foam up.  (Original recipe says to spend the 5 minutes 
praying for your family.)

Stir in 3 Cups of whole wheat flour, beat with a wooden spoon for 5 minutes to develop gluten.

Add rest of honey, salt, and applesauce.  Stir for another 5 minutes.

Stir in another 3 Cups of flour.

Add another 3 Cups flour.  Dump out onto floured board and knead until smooth and 
elastic.  You may need to add as much as one more cup of flour.  To know if the dough
has been kneaded enough, it should not stick to your hand.

Form dough into tight ball and place into a greased pottery bowl.  Let rise in a warm,
moist place for 40 minutes. (Hint:  I place a 9"x 13" cake pan in the bottom of my oven
and put boiling water in it.  Then place the bowl of dough on the rack above.)

Punch dough down and divide into 4 loaves.  Grease loaf pans.  To get maximum rise from
your dough, flatten each loaf section and roll it up, tucking the ends underneath the loaf.
This gives the yeast something to rise against.  Set loaf pans in warm, moist place to rise
again for 40 minutes.
 
If you’ve let the loaves rise in the oven, remove them (and your pan of water) 
and preheat oven to 350 degrees.
Bake loaves for 30 – 40 minutes.  Should be lightly browned 
(you’ll "smell" that it’s done) and the loaves will sound hollow when you thump them.

Chef’s Notes:

I’ve been making this recipe for over 30 years and it’s still the best and simplest one I know of.

If you will not eat the bread up in 2 or 3 days, freeze it.

Useful Recipe and Cooking Links:

No-Knead Bread and Whole-Grain Variations

The Best Whole Wheat bread Recipe and variations

Do you have a favorite recipe that would be of interest to SurvivalBlog readers? Please send it via e-mail. Thanks!

Odds ‘n Sods:

Several interesting retreat properties have just been added to our SurvivalRealty.com listings. Three of them are in the Bradshaw Mountains, near the geographically-isolated small town of Crown King, Arizona. This is not far from the towns of Dewey and Humboldt, which were locales in my novel “Survivors”.  Another newly-listed SurvivalRealty property is located in Muddy Pond, Tennessee (on the Cumberland Plateau), which coincidentally was a locale in my novel “Founders”. When I last checked, there were 112 SurvivalRealty.com listings in the United States, and five that are offshore.

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For anyone who normally carries a Glock 20 or 21 but lives in bear country, the .50 GI conversion kit might be a viable option. These have been in full production from Guncrafter Industries since 2009, and they’ve perfected the design. The beauty of this design is that you can switch your pistol back to the pistol’s original chambering in less than a minute. I checked with the company (in Huntsville, Arkansas) and learned that the ammo runs from $23 for a box of 20 on up to $42.25 for a box of 20. (The latter is for their segmented hollow points, which are individually turned on a lathe.) I also asked about their 8-round and 9-round .50 GI Glock magazines. They said that they are a proprietary design and there are no plans to make any with a larger capacity. (Because of the great weight of the .50 cartridges, it might be more than the Glock magazine catch could support.) Also note that because the .50 GI slide is slightly wider that the standard .45 ACP slide, installing an extended slide release is recommended, and holster options are limited. I have read that they will fit in a Model 070 Safariland Glock Duty Holster. (Such as a the 070 SSIII Mid-Ride, Level III Retention.)

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I’ve just come up with a solution to Detroit, Michigan’s bankruptcy woes: Turn much of the city into a 24-hour-coverage ongoing survival-themed reality television show. Do you remember The Truman Show? In it, they they built the world’s largest sound stage, to follow just one child’s life, in a make-believe city? Okay, now imagine The Detroit Show: Whole sections of de-populated Detroit are rigged with cameras. Teams of otherwise unemployed volunteer participants are dropped into Detroit with only what they can carry on their backs. They are allowed to “homestead” abandoned houses and contiguous abandoned properties. They either improvise or barter for farming equipment. They are allowed to establish an autonomous government, with their own laws, their own sheriff(s), and their own courts, as they see fit. They are encouraged to barter with the locals. I would imagine that the show would start out a lot like The Colony. But then, after a couple of years, some of competing teams would graduate to running prosperous large scale farms and then end up running city states, in a situation much more like The Borgias. than The Waltons. I find this captivating, but it would probably require a special act of the Michigan legislature. And it would surely be deemed politically incorrect to show so much of the failed aftermath of deeply entrenched socialist politics in the hollow shell of the once the great city of Detroit.

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A Common Core informational meeting will be held Monday July 22nd from 6:30 pm – 8:30 pm at the Candlelight Christian Fellowship, 5725 N. Pioneer Drive, Coeur d’Alene Idaho (In front of the roller skating rink on Highway 95.)

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Commentator Jon Hall sums up the milieu of “post-apocalyptic” books and movies: The End of the World and Other Entertainments

Jim’s Quote of the Day:

"No one can read our Constitution without concluding that the people who wrote it wanted their government severely limited; the words “no” and “not” employed in restraint of government power occur 24 times in the first seven articles of the Constitution and 22 more times in the Bill of Rights." – Edmund A. Opitz